Expansion and Merger Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Expansion and Merger - Research Paper Example The laws relating to merger as embodied in sections 391 to 396 of the companies Act, 1956 enable the government to oversee if the companies in need of merger follow procedures and requirements necessary for merger as consideration of the tribunal (Wilson, 2011). Another reason why the government need to regulate market during a merger is because, it is the government’s duty to oversee whether the management of the target merging firm can secure itself form hostile and harsh takeover through a number of various financial as well as legal defenses. The need for government regulation in this case serves as a law that tends to be deferential to defenses for as long as the target the target company does not act primarily to preserve its own position. The government becomes skeptical during a merger since the management of a target company subject for acquisition may negatively affect the society if employees of this company lose their jobs as this increase the percentage of the une mployed in a country. In the United States, the rationale for government intervention is helping in assessing those mergers based on hubris and power without accounting for consequences involved (Burge, 2008). Consequently, the government is now able, with the help of defense laws, to facilitate majority of mergers rendering transactions friendly and negotiable. Hence, preserving and accounting for interests of parties involved by following the rule of law to the latter. Furthermore, the government intervention in the market process remains justified since it ensures that the combined size of the new corporation cannot monopolize power rendering the merger unlawful. Another rationale for government market intervention is that it regulates purchasing power of companies. In this situation, the law offers tender protocols that require whoever is purchasing anything beyond 5 percent of company’s shares to identify him or herself, make particular public disclosures, and announce t he reason for the share purchase and any terms and conditions of the tender offer. When companies decide to work on self-expansion, complexities regarding things like capital arise. Subsequently, business expansion or growth is a stage in the life of a company that is fraught with not only opportunities, but also perils. In addition, business expansion carries with it a corresponding increase in financial fortunes for owners and employees as well. When intended companies fail to merger due to unavoidable circumstances and at the same time decide on expanding on its own, it requires additional financing. Getting the extra capital for expansion may prove to be a hard task since small businesses planning to expand encounter drawbacks that make them vulnerable to market strategies that renders small businesses inadequate for advantageous terms available in the capita market. Another complexity associated with capital projects that is likely to rise is unbalanced sales revenue. In some b usinesses, stakeholders expect to see growth in value of company’s stock. Nevertheless, due to unpredicted downward growth in the trend market share, amount of revenue obtained from sales deteriorate causing the company to face difficulties while in its plans of expansion. Additionally, at times of expansion, companies face more complexities pertaining to capital projects, as the firm requires more room for expansion. Raising extra capital to buy land for firm’

Plato, Crito Essay Example for Free

Plato, Crito Essay In the Dialogue Crito, Socrates employs his Elenchus to examine the notion of justice and one’s obligation to justice. In the setting of the dialogue, Socrates has been condemned to die, and Crito comes with both the hopes and the means for Socrates to escape from prison. When Socrates insists that they should examine whether he should escape or not, the central question turns into whether if it is unjust to disobey laws. Socrates’ ultimate answer is that it is unjust; he makes his argument by first showing that it’s wrong to revenge injustice, then arguing that he has made an agreement with the city’s law for its benefits, and finally reasoning that he should keep to that agreement and accept its consequences. However, the examination in Crito was incompletely and its logic flawed; in making this decision, Socrates has forsaken his life for his ideal of justice. The examination was done in the elenchus, which has the structure that Socrates will start with an assumption and find contradictions to eliminate possible answers; the assumption here is that there are good reasons why Socrates should escape from prison. Socrates starts his argument by first eliminating the public opinion as a reason why he should escape. Socrates observes that concerning a person’s health, only a doctor’s opinion would matter instead of the public opinion; he then draws a parallel of that analogy to justice, that â€Å"We should not give so much thought to what the majority of people will say about us, but think instead of what the person who understands just and unjust things will say † (Crito 48b) While the public opinion would certainly urge Socrates to preserve his life, Socrates discredits it as a reason for his escape. Next Socrates assumes that since only a good life is worth living, and that living a good life is the same as living a just life (Crito 48b), Socrates should escape for his life only if it is just for him to do so. Effectively, Socrates has reduced the question to whether if it is just to disobey the law (by escaping prison and execution) to decide if he should escape. To this question, first Socrates says that he should not revenge injustice. Because doing injustice is bad in any circumstances (Crito 49b), to return injustice just because of having injustice done onto himself would bad also (Crito 49c). Therefore Socrates should not commit injustice just to get even with Athens. Injustice is bad because it harms, and disobedience to the law would harm the city (Crito 50b); so it seems that to disobey the law would be an injustice. But why should Socrates obey the law of the city? Socrates reasons that since the city has done him great benefactions, such as giving birth to his life, taking care of his physical upbringing and his education, and granting him long years of benefits from the legal system (Crito 50e 51c), Socrates owns the state a strong duty of gratitude just as a child would own to his father. One of those duties is to obey the state (like how a child obeys his parents), which always has included the possibility of death such as in times of war (Crito 51b). Socrates should obey the city because he has made an agreement to do so. This agreement is the social contract that he has implicitly accepted and lived under for 70 years. This contract is legitimate because Socrates had a thorough understanding of the legal system (Crito 51e 52a), he did not leave the city when he was given the fair chance all his life (Crito 51 c-e), and that he even has consciously benefited legally from this implicit agreement with law all his life. Therefore it is evident that Socrates has made such a social contract with Athens, which he has been satisfied with so far. It is just for one to keep the agreement he has made, therefore Socrates should keep the agreement made with Athens; and thus he should obey the state and its laws (Crito 53c). Furthermore, Socrates has been given the chance to convince Athens not sentence him to death, and he even could’ve proposed to be exiled that would have the same consequences as if he escapes now; if Socrates had the chance to accomplish thise with legal means when he did not, he would not be justified to do so now illegally (Crito 52c). Following this reasoning, Socrates concludes that he should not escape from prison and his eventual execution. Although Socrates’ commitment to his ideals is admirable, his reasoning is critically flawed. Socrates lacks the definition of justice throughout the discussion of justice. Socrates certainly thinks of justice as something intrinsic and absolute, instead of simply laws imposed by the state; this is evident when he refused to arrest Leon of Salamis by the order of the 30 tyrants (which is an act of disobedience) on the grounds of justice (Apology 32c). Clearly he believes that justice is higher than rulings of sovereignty. But Socrates never made clear what is this virtue that makes justice just; instead, he only vaguely calls some actions just, such as when one keeps an agreement, or behaves well towards one’s parents. It is because of this lack of definition Socrates ends up contradicting himself. For instance, Socrates makes the proposition that one should seek expert knowledge instead of following majority opinion when it comes to justice; this would imply that the justice is not related to the opinion of the majority, as well as that the majority are no expert in justice. If the social contract in the democratic Athens is assumed to be an agreement made between by the majority of the society, then justice is certainly independent from that social contract. But later Socrates argues that he has to obey the state’s laws and keep the agreement made to the state, which implies that justice is to keep the social contract (contraposition of â€Å"not keeping to the contract is unjust†). Furthermore, Socrates assumes that disobeying laws and agreements is unjust. But what is the state? It is no more than a collective of Athenians. Where do these laws come from? The majority opinion of the Athenians (in the case of the tyrants Socrates wouldn’t obey the laws anyways) and the agreements they’ve made. If indeed the laws and agreements the majority of Athenians, it seems that they determine what’s just without knowing what’s just (or else their opinion would matter! ), which would be unacceptable for Socrates. Furthermore, Socrates’ gratitude and duty towards the state does not equate obeying the state; in-fact, if killing Socrates is an injustice that would do Athens harm, then Socrates ought to do whatever that is in his power to prevent being executed by escaping to fulfill his duty of benefiting the city. There is another more fundamental flaw in Socrates’ argument. If he considers justice to be morally independent of laws, then some laws would be just and other unjust. There could be unjust laws, or just laws abused. Socrates never considered these cases of whether he indeed justly deserves the death sentence or not. Therefore to simply obey laws may not necessarily lead to justice. This argument would destroy the whole purpose of obeying laws and not escape from prison. We may speculate, if we have presented these arguments to Socrates, would he be convinced to escape prison? Perhaps not, as Socrates is already 70 and was expected to die soon anyways (the average life span for male was around 40). Dying in the name of justice, instead of old age in a distant place, is definitely more romantic and held more appeal. Furthermore, to live in exile would have no positive effect on his children, it would tarnish his reputation, and such a life in exile will not be enjoyable (Crito 53d – 54d). Therefore, it would be possible that Socrates will still choose to die as a martyr to justice and philosophy.

Consistency and Epistemic Probability Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Consistency and Epistemic Probability ABSTRACT: Is consistency always epistemically virtuous? In this paper, I examine one threat to the traditional view that consistency is a minimum requirement for rational belief. Central to the argument is the notion of epistemic probability, understood as the degree of support or confirmation provided by the total available evidence. My strategy in examining this argument is to apply analogous reasoning to carefully tailored examples. The conclusions which emerge are substantive, informative and utterly implausible. I conclude, first, that the argument for inconsistency fails and, second, that it fails because epistemic probability does not conform to the axioms of the probability calculus. A plausible alternate model for determining degree of support is briefly considered. Is consistency always epistemically virtuous? Is it possible for a set of rational beliefs to be inconsistent? The traditional view has been that logical consistency is a minimum requirement for rational belief. Recently, this traditional view has been challenged, and is now in some disrepute. The issue is not only of interest in its own right, but also has bearing on several other aspects of our conception of justified belief. In particular, it is a critical issue for the coherence theories of justification which have been so prominent of late, for coherence is normally understood in such a way as to presuppose logical consistency. (1) Three distinct lines of argument against consistency can be discerned in the current discussion (although not always clearly distinguished there): (i) the paradox of the lottery, (ii) the fallibility argument, the core of which is an inference from my fallibility in the past to ... ...e Probable and the Provable (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 37. (7) Note that throughout this paper, an assumption has been made which is necessary for the epistemic probability argument, as well as the analogous arguments, namely, that there is a degree of confirmation less than 1 which is sufficient for justified belief. If this assumption were not granted, then, of course, no conclusion concerning warranted belief would follow. But the same arguments would show that, in the cases presented, there is strong confirmation that there is a natural therapy which cures AIDS (or that someone has exhibited psychic powers). And this conclusion is itself quite absurd. It can be avoided, however, only by rejecting the fit between degree of confirmation and the calculus. (8) This model for conjunction is endorsed by Pollock, op. cit., 248-49, and Cohen, op. cit., 221.

Types of Organizational Structures

Question 2 Would it be wrong of Rushton as a Group Managing Director of the organization to ask Walter about his health? Defend your answer by applying to moral principles. In the Kant’s Ethics, the Rushton is not wrong to ask Walter about his health, because Kant’s Ethics is saying a person doing their duty, means that person is right no relationship with the what result. Example Rushton as a Group Managing Director of the organization, this is his duty to ask for Walter about his health.Another, Rushton also is not wrong to ask Walter about his health, because in Utilitarianism Ethics is a theory in  normative ethics  holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering. Simple said that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.In this case Rushton is asking for Walter about his health, this will make the Walter unhappy, but in the most of Walter’s colleagues will happy , because they can be relieved in their working place. In conclusion, Rushton it not wrong to ask Walter about his health. Question 4 In what way, should the company address the problem of public fear and prejudice when employee with AIDS has direct contact with customers? In that way, the company should provide more relevant about AIDS information to customers.People simply touching someone with AIDS or being in contact with them do not transfer the disease. If there was contact between open or exposed flesh then that's a different story. AIDS will transfer the disease just has only a few ways, example during sexual contact, as a result of injection drug use and as a result of an occupational exposure. So the company can talk about AIDS transfer disease information to customers. This way can make customers know about AIDS knowledge and also can save customer’s worry.Another way, the company can transfer AIDS patients to ot her less direct contact with customers’ departments. An example of this case, the company can transferred Walter from senior operation manager into other departments such as financial departments, production department or quality control department does a manager. These departments are not directly in contact with customers. In these ways, the company can continue to employ talents and also can prevent customer’s fear and prejudice.

Egypt Warfare Essay

By and large, ancient Egypt is considered to be one of the most peaceful of ancient civilizations — so peaceful, in fact, that they did not have a proper army until the invasion of the Hyksos during their 15th Dynasty! For the longest time, the extent of their military consisted of foot soldiers whose biggest job might involve settling civil unrest. There were still palace guards and those who watched the borders of the country, not to mention men whose job it was to guard trade ships, but until it was absolutely necessary, that was the mainstay of their army. Prior to the Hyksos invasion, fighting was less prevalent in ancient Egypt ; warfare involved campaigns sent out to unify the country, and other, smaller disputes often required the use of foreign mercenaries. Because of their strong leanings toward religion, Egyptians did not have a drive to leave their own lands to fight foreign armies in case they were unable to give the proper funeral rites to their fallen soldiers. When the Hyksos invaded Lower Egypt, they introduced the country to weapons and protective gear never before seen that close to the Nile . Because of the invaders, walls in the tombs of dead nobles and kings were covered in paintings of ancient Egyptian war chariots being driven with an archer who steered the horses with the reins tied around his waist. Other weapons used by the ancient Egyptian army included clubs and maces, as well as axes, knives, and swords; they were also handy with projectile weapons such as spears, bows and arrows, and javelins. Shields were the main bit of defensive equipment, with the occasional use of limited body armor. The Egyptians also used siege weaponry when necessary, such as towers and battering rams. During the time of Amenhotep III and beyond, a good portion of the enlisted men were prisoners of war. Recruits from Nubia and other neighboring areas were also brought in, and eventually a good percentage of Egyptian men were required to join the military, especially towards the time of continuous war due to invaders from not only surrounding areas but from Greece and Rome, as well. As the ancient Egyptians were a very religious people, they had many gods and goddess to pray to. This included the Egyptian god of war, Onuris, who is in many ways similar to Ares, the Greek god of war. His Egyptian name, Anhur, means â€Å"he who leads back the distant one. † He is considered to be the son of Ra, the sun god, and is believed to hunt down and kill the enemies of his father. Ancient Egypt and its people went from being very religious and peaceful to needing to keep their lands free of foreign hands. It worked well for them for a while, at least, though with the invasion of Alexander the Great and his army, Egypt never quite regained what it had been before.

Enron ethical practices

Enron ethical practices Ethical practices are a code of conduct that govern how things are done or should be done in a particular place, for example in a business. They can also be described as a system of moral principle that state how people or organizations should act or behave (Brooks Dunn 2009, p. 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Enron ethical practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A business organization is expected to follow certain ethical principles in its operations in order to ensure that they are working efficiently and that all stakeholders are benefiting from its operations. Many businesses have been driven by a need to make extra money, and hence they have become greedy and, therefore, engage in unethical practices just to get the extra money. According to W. Stead, Worrell J. Stead, the question of ethics in business conduct has become one of the most challenging issues confronting corporate America in this era (19 90, p. 233). Thesis statement This paper will examine ethical practices that the management of Enron neglected and that led to its collapse. The paper will explore the requirements of these ethical principles and how the management of Enron acted against them which led to its bankruptcy and, finally, collapse. Enron is an example of a business which has been engaged in unethical practices just for the sake of satisfying the interests of a few people in the organization at the expense of others. Enron was one of the largest energy companies in the world, and it has been the most innovative company in America until its bankruptcy (Rapoport Dharan 2004, p. 124). It has, however, been affected by several unethical and illegal practices such as defrauding its financial statements. The Enron scandal led to a massive loss of jobs and shareholders who lost their capital when the company went bankrupt (Goldman, 2010, p. 75). The management practices at Enron, which led to its fall, did not adhere to the ethical principles of the global business standards codex. There were also concerns about pervasiveness of unethical practices and about the systemic nature of practices which distorted the market (McBarnet 2006, p. 1093). These ethical principles usually govern the way businesses and organizations should operate or carry how managers and employees should carry out their duties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the principles of the global business standard codex is the transparency principle. This principle states that everyone in an organization should be transparent and truthful in whatever they do (Morland 2011, p. 121). This means that managers should provide clear and true financial statements regarding the company, and also provide true records and reports on all the activities of the business. The managers at Enron did not adhere to this ethical principle. Enron, with the help of its accounting firm Arthur Anderson, constantly defrauded its financial statements and issued the ones that were not true and were not clear (Goldman 2010, p. 98). This shows that they were not transparent and truthful. Its accounting practices were also not clear, for example, they included costs of ghost projects that had been cancelled and were not in their financial statements in reality, and this is why, they could retain the money to the cancelled project. They, however, argued that they included the costs because there was no official letter stating that projects were cancelled (Sims, 2003, p. 156). Individuals and investors who had invested either their money or time in the company lost a lot of money because they were misled by the fraudulent financial statements and financial performance of the company that had been altered by the executives, for example, the executives paid people to pretend that they were working hard when comp any analysts were around so that they would give an impression that the company was performing well, and that it was lucrative, while in reality the company was performing poorly. The employees were also deceived by the financial condition of the firm, and therefore, they did not diversify their retirement portfolios in time hence losing out on their salaries and pensions when the company went bankrupt. The company also engaged in fraudulent activities like avoiding taxes by creating offshore entities which would not be liable to taxation so that the profits of the company could be increased (Sims and Johannes, 2003, p.23). Another ethical principle of the global business standards codex is the fiduciary principle. This principle requires people in the business to act diligently with loyalty and integrity to the owners of the business and for the betterment of the business (Seeger and Ulmer, 2010, p. 76). The management of Enron was not acting with integrity and diligence. This was the major cause of Enron’s legal and financial problems. Some practices are usually legally acceptable but morally questionable. A business that adheres to the principles of ethics should not engage in such practices because ethics does not allow them. This principle expects managers to be aware of the dimensions of the moral antecedents of engaging in illegal activity and acting without any integrity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Enron ethical practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Enron, Andrew Fastow who was then the chief financial officer of the company was acting without integrity and diligence, and hence he engaged in certain illegal and unethical activities (Petrick and Schrerer 2009, p. 213). He was behind the creation of the off books companies which were not liable to taxation. These companies were beneficial for him and his friends because they were able to make millions from the off boo k companies, but at the expense of the stakeholders who would lose their investments if these unethical activities were discovered. The managers also took advantage of the stock of the company when it was selling at its highest and sold their shares because they were sure that the company would fall in the future because of the fraudulent activities that they were engaged in (Petrick Schrerer 2009, p. 213). These activities also did not adhere to the property principle which expects the managers of a company to protect and not steal the property of the shareholders of the business. The managers, instead of protecting the property of the shareholders, engaged in activities of theft of such property which later led to bankruptcy and hence collapse of the company. Conclusion Ethical conduct and behavior should be stressed and practiced in every organization. If Enron had stressed an ethical culture in its business, all the unethical behavior would have been limited and the company wou ld not have collapsed. All businesses should therefore have an ethical culture and practice it. All businesses should therefore avoid the Enron case by stressing more on what is ethically acceptable rather than what is legally acceptable. Businesses should train their employees, managers and all the other stakeholders regarding the importance of acting ethically in a business while carrying out the activities of the business. This will reduce any likely occurrences of the Enron scandal. References Brooks, L Dunn, P 2009, Business and professional ethics for directors, executives and accountants, Cengage Learning, California.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goldman, A 2010, Business Law: Principles and practices, Cengage Learning, California. Johannes, B Sims, R 2003, Journal of Business Ethics, Pg. 243. McBarnet, D 2006, After Enron will ‘Whiter than White Collar Crime’ Still Wash? Br J Criminol, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1091-1109. Morland, M 2011, Business Ethics and Continental Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Petrick, K Scherer, D 2009, Ethics in Business, John Wiley and Sons, Chicago. Rapoport, N Dharan, B 2004, Enron: corporate fiascos and their implications, Foundation Press, New York. Seeger, M Ulmer, R 2010, Management communication quarterly. Sage Publications, Boston. Sims, R 2003, Ethics and corporate social responsibility: why giants fall, Greenwood publishing, Boston. Stead, W E, Worrell, D L Stead J G, 1090, An integrative model for understanding and managing ethical behavior in business organizations, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 233-242.

buy custom Malaria Disease essay

buy custom Malaria Disease essay This video talks about the malaria disease. Joseph DeRisi explains that malaria is a disease caused by a virus known as parasitic protozoa which is present in a certain type of female mosquito. Common characteristics that a person suffering from malaria may exhibit are periodic febrile episodes, chillness, sweat, aches, nausea, and body weakness especially in the lower and upper limbs. In many instances, a patients spleen may enlarge and this is very dangerous because it is not a physical symptom and patients may take some time to notice. In severe cases, a patient may suffer seizures and/or coma, which is very dangerous because it can result to death of the patient. Patients suffering from malaria are also likely to suffer from severe anemia lack of enough blood, which in the long run may result into organ failure, specifically the heart. Malaria still remains a huge problem even though it was discovered early in the1800s. This is because; the researchers have been unable to develop an effective vaccine to be used in prevention of malaria. In addition, many of the older ant-malarial drugs are losing effectiveness as the parasite evolves high level of drug resistance. Joseph explains that research for cure for malaria is something that researcher in the medical field have continued to put a lot of effort in the recent time. One of the common known malaria drugs is quinine. Quinine is one of the oldest malaria drugs to be developed by researchers. However, it has proven to be ineffective because of development of high level of drug resistance by the parasite. Another malaria drug which has been developed by the researchers is known as Warburgs Ticture. It is made of quinine and other herbs. Warburgs Ticture has proved to be more effective in treatment of malaria as compared to quinine. In fact, researchers say that it the most effective malaria drug so far. Researchers have also been trying to develop synthetic drugs for treating malaria. Even though it is hard to conclude that they have not been successful in this area, we are still hopeful that they will be able to develop an effective malaria drug or vaccine through synthetic method. So far, researchers are exploring application of genetic technology production of genetically modified mosquitoes that are unable to transmit malaria as a biological method of controlling malaria. Buy custom Malaria Disease essay

Writing a Personal Journal

Writing a Personal Journal A journal is a written record of incidents, experiences, and ideas. Also known as a  personal journal,  notebook, diary, and log. Writers often keep journals to record observations and explore ideas that may eventually be developed into more formal essays, articles, and stories. The  personal journal is  a very private document, says  Brian Alleyne, a place where the author records and reflects on lifes events. Knowledge of the self in the  personal journal is  retrospective knowledge and therefore potentially narrative self-knowledge (Narrative Networks, 2015). Observations The writers journal is a record of and workbook for your writing life. It is your repository for bits of experience, observation and thought destined for eventual use in one writing project or another. The entries in a personal journal tend to be abstract, but the entries in a writers journal should be concrete. (Alice Orr, No More Rejections. Writers Digest Books, 2004)All of us who keep journals do so for different reasons, I suppose, but we must have in common a fascination with the surprising patterns that emerge over the years- a sort of arabesque in which certain elements appear and reappear, like the designs in a well-wrought novel. (Joyce Carol Oates, interviewed by Robert Phillips. The Paris Review, Fall-Winter 1978)Think nothing too trifling to write down, so it be in the smallest degree characteristic. You will be surprised to find on reperusing your journal what an importance and graphic power these little particulars assume. (Nathaniel Hawthorne, letter to Horatio Bridge , May 3, 1843) Poet Stephen Spender: Write Anything I feel as though I could not write again. Words seem to break in my mind like sticks when I put them down on paper. . . . I must put out my hands and grasp the handfuls of facts. How extraordinary they are! The aluminum balloons seem nailed into the sky like those bolts which hold together the irradiating struts between the wings of a biplane. The streets become more and more deserted, and the West End is full of shops to let. Sandbags are laid above the glass pavements over basements along the sidewalk. . . . The best thing is to write anything, anything that comes into my mind until there is a calm and creative day. It is essential to be patient and to remember that nothing one feels is the last word. (Stephen Spender, Journal, London, September 1939) Orwells Notebook Entry Curious effect, here in the sanatorium, on Easter Sunday, when people in this (the most expensive) block of chalets mostly have visitors, of hearing large numbers of upper-class English voices. . . . And what voices! A sort of over-fedness, a fatuous self-confidence, a constant bah-bahing of laughter abt nothing, above all a sort of heaviness and richness combined with a fundamental ill will. (George Orwell, notebook entry for April 17, 1949, Collected Essays 1945-1950) Functions of a Journal Many professional writers use journals, and the habit is a good one for anybody interested in writing, even if he or she has no literary ambitions. Journals store perceptions, ideas, emotions, actions- all future material for essays or stories. The Journals of Henry Thoreau are a famous example, as are A Writers Diary by Virginia Woolf, the Notebooks of the French novelist Albert Camus, and A War-time Diary by the English writer George Orwell. If a journal is really to help you develop as a writer, youve got to do more than compose trite commonplaces or mechanically list what happens each day. You have to look honestly and freshly at the world around you and at the self within. (Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Guide to Writing. Oxford University Press, 1988) Thoreaus Journals As repositories of facts, Thoreaus journals act like a writers warehouse in which he indexes his stored observations. Here is a typical list: It occurs to me that these phenomena occur simultaneously, say June 12, viz:Heat about 85 at 2P.M. True summer. Hylodes cease to peep. Purring frogs ( Rana palustris) cease. Lightning bugs first seen. Bullfrogs trump generally. Mosquitoes begin to be really troublesome. Afternoon thunder-showers almost regular. Sleep with open window (10th), and wear thin coat and ribbon neck. Turtles fairly and generally begun to lay. [15 June 1860] In addition to their function as storage, the journals constitute a complex of processing plants as well, where the notations become descriptions, meditations, ruminations, judgments, and other types of studies: From all points of the compass, from the earth beneath and the heavens above, have come these inspirations and been entered duly in the order of arrival in the journal. Thereafter, when the time arrived, they were winnowed into lectures, and again, in due time, from lectures into essays (1845-1847). In short, in the journals, Thoreau negotiates the transformation of facts into forms of written expressions that have entirely different orders of resonance . . .. (Robert E. Belknap, The List: The Uses and Pleasures of Cataloguing. Yale University  Press, 2004) A Contrarians View People ask whether I use a notebook, and the answer is no. I think a writers notebook is the best way there is to immortalize really bad ideas, whereas the Darwinian process takes place if you dont write anything down. The bad ones float away, and the good ones stay. (Stephen King, quoted in Whats on Stephen Kings Dark Side? by Brian Truitt. USA Weekend, October  29-31, 2010) Are Journal-Keepers Introspective or Self-Absorbed? Some people like to keep a journal. Some people think it’s a bad idea. People who keep a journal often see it as part of the process of self-understanding and personal growth. They don’t want insights and events to slip through their minds. They think with their fingers and have to write to process experiences and become aware of their feelings. People who oppose journal-keeping fear it contributes to self-absorption and narcissism. C.S. Lewis, who kept a journal at times, feared that it just aggravated sadness and reinforced neurosis. Gen. George Marshall did not keep a diary during World War II because he thought it would lead to self-deception or hesitation in reaching decisions. The question is: How do you succeed in being introspective without being self-absorbed? (David Brooks, Introspective or Narcissistic? The New York Times, August 7, 2014)

Homework 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Homework 3 - Essay Example The physical stimulus of temperature is transduced in the development so as to modulate the expression of the genes coding for steroid genic enzymes and sex steroid hormone receptors. In the temperature dependent sex determination, every individual possesses an equal ability of becoming either male or female. Temperature triggers the activation of one sex-determining cascade. Temperature dependent sex determination is an evolutionary precursor to the genotype sex-determining mechanisms, mainly characteristic of birds and mammals (Becker 249). Exogenous estrogens are used in embryos for the production of females at temperatures that produce only males. On the other hand, an aromatase inhibitor is administered to produce males at temperatures that produce only females. Aromatase is administered since it is the key enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens (Valenzuela & Lance 211-227). In the temperature dependent sex determination, temperature is the regulatory factor that determines the sex of the organisms. It is during the incubation period that the temperature is controlled in favor of the desired sex. The method has proved to be efficient form of environmental sex determination

Financial Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Project - Research Paper Example Identify the highest interest rate you could refinance at in order to pay the current balance in 20 years. Determine the interest rate that would require a monthly total payment that is less than your current total payment. In addition, refinancing costs you $2000 up-front in closing costs. Therefore, the highest interest rate that would result in less than the current loan repayments would be 4.50%, where the monthly total will amount paid towards the loan, and the principal will be $695.08, which is less than the current $706.12. However, the closing costs of $2,000 upfront may weigh on the ability to get into a refinancing agreement deal. In order to answer this, you need to look at different interest rates. Know that if you refinance, your minimum monthly payments will be based on a 30-year loan (though you still want to be done in 20 years). Also, refinancing costs you a couple of thousand dollars up front in closing costs. Refinancing this loan has two obvious downsides: the repayment period will increase, and extra expenses will be incurred in terms of closing costs. However, the refinancing will lower the monthly repayment amounts by at least $68.79. For a person in a poor credit position due to the demands of the current loan repayments, the refinancing would be a welcome relief to boost this credit

Exercise and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Exercise and Health - Essay Example Particularly vivid instances of extremely fit individuals prevailing over severe medical conditions are Lance Armstrong's astounding recovery from cancer to detain the Tour de France, and Magic Johnson's enduring retention of his extremely active lifestyle, including playing basketball, even with HIV positive. An active lifestyle reduces the risk of developing colon cancer. In the college alumni study, above seventeen thousand men reported their stair climbing, walking, leisure activities, and sports play. Estimations done throughout two periods, more than eleven years apart, signified that those who had been extremely active were much less prone to develop colon cancer than were their comparatively sedentary counterparts. In another research project with approximately forty eight-thousand male health care professionals, those frequently engaging in forceful pursuits had a fifty percent lower risk of developing colon cancer than did their sedentary peers. Additionally, men who were l ean and active, exercising one to two hours a day, were approximately five times less likely to develop colon cancer than those who were both obese and inactive. Findings from many studies signify that regular exercise throughout adolescence and early adulthood lessens the risk of breast cancer. Among women, those who gradually participated 3.8 or more hours weekly in active leisure-time pursuits after menarche was much less likely to develop breast cancer than were those who had been inactive. Exercise and physical activity is, of course, strongly linked to age. Among men less than 40, 17 per cent asserted to have done some running or jogging in 'the last fortnight', and 20 per cent of women of the same age said that they had affianced in some exercise activity. Only three per cent of women more than sixty did so. The more dynamic sporting pursuits and keep-fit activities were also, among those less than sixty, much more likely to be part of the lifestyle of those with higher educational qualifications and those in non-manual than manual households. For example, among those aged 18-40 years, 42 per cent (male) and 51 per cent (female) in manual households supposed that they took part in no sporting or keep-fit activities at all, though they might have done some walking or gardening, evaluated with 30 per cent (male) and 38 per cent (female) in non-manual households. This pattern of participation matches well with that which researchers have reported in other surveys of th e British population. Exercise not only essentially for adults but it is also extremely important for children. Exercise and food are the main topics identified by children as health promoting. More than 70 per cent rated curricular exercise as good, but only 57 per cent rated the opportunities for play that highly. It seems likely that respondents considered that the provision of curricular exercise somewhat within the control of staff and this may account for higher ratings. Rating of both curricular exercise and play opportunities strongly reflected the ratings of the playground and the play equipment. Literature Review Researchers found that regular exercise assists to retain health and role identities that confer meaning and significance to past behavior and give direction for future behavior. The regular exercise routine was developed to

Marlboro Cigarettes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marlboro Cigarettes - Research Paper Example Since the company was able to successfully establish a strong cigarette brand, a lot of cigarette smokers are patronizing the brand regardless of gender, race, social status, and nationality (Philip Morris USA, 2012). Despite the serious economic slow growth in the United States, smokers continue to purchase Marlboro cigarettes in exchange for a premium price (Waldemer, 2012). In line with this, this particular market research study will focus on determining the significance of having a strong brand with the continuous patronage of its customers to the brand. Purpose of the Research Study Conducting a market research project is a significant part of a successful marketing study (Caporella, 2012; Hamel, 2012). For this reason, this research study will purposely design a research survey questionnaire that uses open-ended, closed-ended, scaled responses (i.e. nominal scales, ordinal scales, interval scales, and ratio scales) that will enable the researcher gather primary research data t hat could help us determine the significance of having a strong brand on the continuous patronage of PM USA on Marlboro brand. After executing a real-life marketing research study, the student is expected to make use of unlimited charts, graphs, and tables when presenting the research survey results. Problem Statement This study will attempt to identify different variables and/or other marketing dimensions that contribute to the

Economics goverment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economics goverment - Essay Example While the partnership entailed several economic benefits such as enhanced efficiencies, it became problematic because of the perceived coordination of pricing and other behavior that were feared to lead to anticompetitive practices. Joint ventures are investigated by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) based on the provisions of the Hart-Scott-Rodino pre merger notification act of 1976. The said investigation was a requirement before the venture was finally consummated. There was not court proceeding, without any formal depositions or accounts by both parties of their positions before the court, as well as public disclosure of documents. The investigations merely involved the examination of a huge number of documents. After this type intensive antitrust investigation, FTC finally provided the stamp of approval and the joint venture proceeded, although with some modifications. The first legal issue in the GM-Toyota joint venture pertains to its impact on the market. Particularly, there is the perceived likelihood of cooperative behavior wherein the parties - both dominant players in the auto industry - would cooperate that can disadvantage the position of the consumers (Kwoka, p.50). For example, the level of partnership provides an opportunity for both companies to fix pricing. Ultimately - in this respect - the investigators were concerned that the venture would adversely impact the competition in the market or moderate competitive behavior if a complete consolidation of operations between these two companies was realized. The second and final issue in the investigation concerns the appropriate treatment of Japanese production. Under the so-called â€Å"voluntary restraint agreement or VRA, Japanese car import is subject to a quota: 1.68 million car export to the United States within the period of two years (p. 51). The legal implication of the joint venture is numerous. First, there is the debate whether the

Marlboro Cigarettes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marlboro Cigarettes - Research Paper Example Since the company was able to successfully establish a strong cigarette brand, a lot of cigarette smokers are patronizing the brand regardless of gender, race, social status, and nationality (Philip Morris USA, 2012). Despite the serious economic slow growth in the United States, smokers continue to purchase Marlboro cigarettes in exchange for a premium price (Waldemer, 2012). In line with this, this particular market research study will focus on determining the significance of having a strong brand with the continuous patronage of its customers to the brand. Purpose of the Research Study Conducting a market research project is a significant part of a successful marketing study (Caporella, 2012; Hamel, 2012). For this reason, this research study will purposely design a research survey questionnaire that uses open-ended, closed-ended, scaled responses (i.e. nominal scales, ordinal scales, interval scales, and ratio scales) that will enable the researcher gather primary research data t hat could help us determine the significance of having a strong brand on the continuous patronage of PM USA on Marlboro brand. After executing a real-life marketing research study, the student is expected to make use of unlimited charts, graphs, and tables when presenting the research survey results. Problem Statement This study will attempt to identify different variables and/or other marketing dimensions that contribute to the

Leadership Failure Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Failure Position - Essay Example Weiner demonstrates a charismatic and relationship-motivated leadership approach.Indeed, a New York Times article announcing Weiner’s resignation notes that some of his colleagues described him as, â€Å"a publicity seeker unwilling to put in the hard work needed to pass serious legislation† (Hernandez, 2011). This is seemingly indicative of an individual that is task-averse. To an extent then the action’s Weiner took may be thematically indicative of his situational approach to other aspects of his career. One also considers if Weiner’s gender may have contributed to his increased scrutiny. Such a consideration has long been a question in prominent sex cases where an older woman engages in consensual relations with a minor. While Weiner’s situation is clearly different, it seems that to an extent the logic could be applied to this situation. In Weiner’s situation, the nature of him sending photos of a sexual nature to a woman seemingly is in dicative of an abuse of power on his part. The nature of such an act is more pronounced when emerging from a male because of both masculine physicalities, as well as the social connotations.While Weiner’s personal responsibility is a prominent element of his leadership failure, it’s also necessary to consider Weiner’s institutional position as Congressman. Clearly, the scandal gained media attention for Weiner’s position as a member of the House of Representatives. One considers that prior to the scandal Anthony Weiner had gained a reputation for bombastic and sensational speeches.

Jean Piaget Essay Example for Free

Jean Piaget Essay My own beliefs about early childhood education are based upon the knowledge that childrens growth is developmental. It seems very clear to me that a high quality early childhood program must provide a safe and nurturing environment which promotes a broad spectrum of support for the childs physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development. I strongly agree with the tenets of the National Association for the Education of Young childrenthat high quality, developmentally appropriate programs should be available to all children (Bredekamp Rosegrant, 1992, p. 7). Children under the age of eight have enormous potential for growth and achievement, and it is my belief that they have rights to fulfill their possibilities. A separate statement of the NAEYC divides the concept of appropriateness into two aspectsage appropriateness and individual appropriateness (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 2). This statement coincides with my belief that children are unique individuals who may or may not reflect the usual characteristics of other children of their same age. Furthermore, I believe that a developmentally appropriate curriculum for young children is correctly tailored to the specifics of each age group. Different ages have different needs, interests, and developmental tasks, and the curriculum should reflect those variations. The most effective early childhood curriculum offers creative expression, social and emotional interaction, child-adult communication, child-child communication, physical expression, knowledge acquisition, reasoning practice, risk-taking, and personal autonomy. Early childhood learning happens through play. In this case, play is a serious matter, although it is quite fun to all involved. Children learn by doing and actively participating. When given the opportunity to explore, children flourish. They experiment, make choices, achieve strength and a sense of belonging as an effective individual within the context of a supportive, safe group. It is my belief that early childhood learning must happen in an integrated manner. Children of this age are too young for rigidly separated subject matter, and the skillful teacher of young children easily integrates the physical, emotional, social, creative, and cognitive areas of early learning. Role of Child as a Learner Johann Pestalozzi and Froebel, two of the earliest professionals in early childhood education, championed the development of the quality of early childhood theory and practice. Pestalozzi contended that young children learn most effectively by doing, by playing, and by interacting with the environmentthe physical world and other children (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 4). Early, effective learning happens best in a mixed age group, multi-cultural settings,  Froebel, like Pestalozzi, believed that play is of paramount importance in the development of the child, and that the emotional quality of the childs life (relationship with parents and other significant people) profoundly permeates the quality of the childs life (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 6). Pestalozzi did not particularly formalize his theories and methods, but he had a very good intuitive grasp of the necessity for language development, nurturing environments, and healthy relationships for children as a springboard for optimum learning. The child as a learner has cognitive needs, and these vary according to the age of the child. Piaget became famous for his work in the cognitive domain, and his guidelines of pre-operational thought to more sophisticated abstract thinking are useful for teachers who wish to be careful about not expecting too much from children who are operating at a lower cognitive level (DeVries Kohlberg, 1987, p. 54). His work was rather theoretical, and others (principally Kamii and DeVries) have expanded Piagets theory to widen its practical usefulness in early childhood classrooms. The young child learns from the motivation of a need to know, and most early learning takes place in the context of the home and relationship with parents and other family members. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, one of the earliest workers in the area of developmental psychology and psychopathology, believed that childrens learning happens within the framework of the childs activities and is greatly influenced by the society and values of the persons near the child. The entire field of child development then consists of an endless stream of dialectical conflicts and resolutions, with the resolutions then internalized to form the childs increasingly sophisticated physical and psychological knowledge (Thomas, 1992, p. 322). John Deweys progressive education movement greatly affected thinking and practice for teachers desiring to arrange an appropriate environment for young learners. Dewey was one of the most influential educational philosophers in the United States in the early 1900s and his influence is still felt in the 1990s (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p.6). Dewey and other forward-thinking professionals of his time believed that learning should be based upon the childrens interests and that children should be actively involved in their education. Before Deweys time, most classroom activity consisted of teachers instructing passive, obedient listeners. Deweys work provided a solid philosophical basis for early childhood educators who desire to integrate subject matter into whatever the children are actively involved with at the moment. Dewey contended that any kind of life experience is valuable for learning. Dewey was humanistic in his orientation, and his work spoke to the importance of human interest, value, and dignity (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 8). Abraham Maslow was one of the first psychologists to emphasize the importance of various needs being met before other, higher needs come into focus. He placed the physical needs at the bottom of his needs hierarchy, followed by the need for love and belonging. Physically, children at young ages grow and change dramatically from year to year, and the alert, educated teacher will firmly grasp the necessity of a balanced program of large muscle activity, small muscle play, outdoor opportunities for expression of vigorous excess energy, and small motor expressive activity (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 56). Psychologically, children must feel safe before they are able to explore and learn. Children learn through social interaction with adults and other children, and their learning begins with awareness, moving through cycles of exploration, questioning, and application. Vygotsky viewed each childs learning in terms of that childs own ontogenetic development. Each experience of the child comes about as a result of the childs prior experiences of problem-solving and problem resolution (Thomas, 1992, p. 323). Mitchell, a student of John Dewey, also emphasized the necessity of learning within the context of the group. She believed that education for a democratic society begins at a very young age and she placed great importance on young children learning to cooperate and operate within a group (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 9). Carl Jung did a great deal of research and writing in the areas of variation of personality types, and his concepts lead us to believe that some individuals do their best work completely alone, even at a very young age. Carl Rogers also wrote about the importance of the individual contemplative experience. Like Maslow, Rogers as a humanistic psychologist believed in the importance of the human, individual aspect of learning. He saw learning as a change in self-organization. These learnings may be threatening and happen best in a psychologically safe, supportive environment (Rogers, 1969, p. 159). Although Rogers work primarily applied to the therapeutic counseling situation, it has great application to anyone dedicated to assisting others learn more about themselves. Role of the Teacher in the Learning Process Carl Rogers also had definite views on the nature of learning and the role of the teacher. He said that people learn by doing and by activities which involve the whole person (Rogers, 1969, p. 162). He contended that the most useful learning is the learning of the process of learning so that practical problems of living in a changing society may find successful solutions. According to Rogers and others who have followed similar philosophies, teachers are guides and facilitators. They set a creative, stimulating, supportive environment which enhances the childs natural curiosity about life around him. The astute early childhood educator provides a variety of activities, objects, events, materials and people which will assist the children in channelling their innate drive to learn. The best teachers are current in the understandings of fads and characters that appeal to young childrentelevision shows, favorite foods, clothing, and stories that are modern. Young children tune out adults who simply do not understand current culture. In this way, responsible teachers bring multicultural awareness into the classroom as well as information and materials relevant to their own ethnic background. Mixed classrooms provide an excellent opportunity to teach trust, respect, pride, appreciation of differences, and orderly group problem-solving (McCracken, 1993, p. 55). The teacher sets the tone for self acceptance and the acceptance of others. The effective early childhood teacher is an active learner, regardless of her own age, and this type of professional engages children in active participation with materials that are genuinely interesting to the children. This type of adult extends the childs learning with skillful questioning and acceptance of error through experimentation. The well-versed teacher understands the various levels of cognitive learning, Piagets theories, and Blooms Taxonomy so that children are guided and encouraged, but never forced into an intellectual level that is not appropriate. Responsible early childhood teachers respect the individual styles of the students at all times, as well as the various cultures from which they originate. The emotional tone in the best early childhood environments is one of warmth, high self-esteem, and safety. Creative expression is welcomed, even if the forms prove to be highly unusual. Mitchell advocated creative expression of the whole child, through conversation, art, music, dance, and story-telling (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 9). Cooperative learning and family involvement provide rich resources for respect among individuals and groups of a variety of different cultures. Skillful teachers in multicultural settings will recognize those values which must be basic (respect for the human body and rules for group interaction) and encourage the expression of the varieties and nuances specific to the individual ethnic group (McCracken, 1993, p. 65). Role of Peers in Learning The National Association for the Education of Young Children strongly advocates the guidance of social-emotional development in the classroom. Teachers have the responsibility for positive modeling, encouraging expected behavior, redirecting inappropriate actions, and setting clear limits. With this type of skilled teaching, children learn the social skills of cooperation, helping, negotiation, and verbal communication. In order for these important social skills to happen, teachers must depart from the traditional modes of instructing, placing children at individual desks, and spending a great deal of time as referee or punisher (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 55). CLASSROOM PRACTICES It is evident from the previous writing that effective teaching requires the logical, ethical translation of teaching philosophy into classroom implementation. Most importantly, all activities for young children must be developmentally appropriate to the age (Bredekamp Rosegrant, 1992). This is true across the board in every subject matter and in every aspect of the childs beingphysical, emotional, social, cognitive, and spiritual. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION In order to be an effective early childhood teacher, I must know my own philosophy, limitations, prejudices, and strengths. In general, I prefer five-year olds, and honestly, I am more comfortable with students of this age who are from my own cultural background. I lean philosophically towards the concepts of Pestalozzi and Froebel as well as the humanistic psychologists who followed in this country. Most of all I strive to provide age-appropriate materials and experiences for the children. References Bredekamp, S. (1987). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Washington, D. C. : NAEYC. Bredekamp, S. , Rosegrant, T. (Editors) (1992). Reaching potentials: Appropriate curriculum and assessment for young children, Volume 1. Washington, D. C. : NAEYC. DeVries, R. , Kohlberg, L. (1987). Constructivism early education: Overview and comparison with other programs: Washington, D. C. : NAEYC. McCarthy, M. , Houston, J. (1980). Fundamentals of early childhood education. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Winthrop Publishers. McCracken, J. B. (1993). Valuing diversity: The primary years. Washington, D. C. NAEYC. Rogers, C. (1969). Freedom to learn. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill. Thomas, R. M. (1992). Comparing theories of child development, Third Edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Is Profit Maximization Consistent With Wealth Maximization Finance Essay

Is Profit Maximization Consistent With Wealth Maximization Finance Essay The objective of the firm is to make profits by meeting the needs of stakeholders. Generally, ceteris paribus, the objective of the firm is to maximize its ultimate value through profit maximization, while incurring the lowest costs. Basically, the ultimate objective of the firm is to acquire maximum profits and wealth for its shareholders. It is important to note that, the value of the firm is signified by the existing market prices of the corporations common stock market. In this respect, the maximization of the shareholders wealth is enhanced by the acquiring of maximum profits at the lowest level of expenditure. As it has been revealed, there exists a very strong co-relation between profit maximization and wealth maximization, where each of them forms part of the objective of the firm. In this case, the total earnings do not represent the ultimate value of the corporation but the profits accrued from the employed resources. Generally, any firm would be run towards acquirement of high profits which represent its actual wealth for its shareholders (Westerfield 23-75). Firms exist to meet the needs of stakeholders and to provide an efficient way of producing in a non-price environment. Firms exist to meet the needs of the populace in an efficient and a sustainable manner. 2. Is profit maximization consistent with wealth maximization? Why or why not? Profit maximization is not consistent with wealth maximization. It has some drawbacks and cannot be used for effective evaluation on the performance of the firm. On the other hand, wealth maximization, which is also known as the net present worth of a firm can be used to evaluate the performance of the firm. Wealth maximization is seen as more comprehensive and superior than profit maximization. Profit maximization deals with minimizing short term profits and is not forward-looking. Again, the profit maximization objective does not factor in time value of money considerations. Therefore wealth maximization is superior because it is a long term objective and considers the time value of money by discounting cash flows to the present time. Additionally, wealth maximization considers uncertainty by discounting at the required rate of return and considering the other stakeholders of the firm. Profit Maximization Wealth Maximization It is not clear on when the profit is counted as profit whether this should be before or after tax. Another uncertainty involves the long-term or short-term profit. Short term profit can be foregone by avoiding some expenditure but in the long run, these expenditures have to be paid for. Therefore long term profit has to be considered, and not short term profit. Wealth maximization shows the present value of benefits minus the cost of the investment. Profit maximization does not factor in risk. Different projects have different degrees of risk of future earnings. A project with fluctuating earnings is not the same as one with certainty earnings. By not looking at the risk factor of projects, profit maximization cannot be used for the operational objective of the firm. Risk is considered in wealth maximization as the discounted rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows factors in the risk. Lastly, profit maximization does not factor in the time value of money. A dollar spent today is not equivalent to the same dollar spent tomorrow. Cash drawn from a project in different years is considered the same, which is not realistic. Wealth maximization considers the time value of money as the cash drawn from a project in different years are not the same. The discounted rate that determines the present value of future cash flows shows both risk and time. 3. Describe the three main decisions in Corporate Finance The three main decisions in Corporate Finance are: (a) Investment Decision (Allocation) There are two key questions that are looked into when a firm wants to make an investment. What is a good investment? The firm looks at the various investment options in the market, for instance real estate investments or stocks investments. The risk involved and the returns to be gained. Where will the firms resources be invested? Here, it is important that the firm does not put all their resources into one basket. For instance, the firm may decide to invest a certain percentage of their resources in either stocks or real estate. Further, the pattern and the level of investment would be determined in which each investment plan is evaluated on the risks involved together with its ultimate returns expected. It is important to note that, the pattern of investment would still be an important factor to consider since each individual plan of investment would be accompanied with its benefits and risks. (b) Financing Decision Primarily, the financial decision considers where the firm would raise the funds for these investments. Will the firm use the shareholders/owners funds or borrow from the bank? The mix of equity and debt is what is considered in the financing decision. When, where and how to acquire the money to meet the firms needs. In this case, the finance managers ought to decide on the financing strategy of the firm, in which the evaluation of various sources of finance to cater for the running of firms activities would be made. Basically, each source of capital would be evaluated with the level of interests to be paid for the amount of money acquired. Capital Structure Modigliani y Miller (1958) how much should a firm borrow? (c) Dividend Decision The dividend decision is concerned with how much of the firm profits should be given to the shareholders, and how much of it should be reinvested. A dividend policy should be determined. the dividends decision would be made in order to determine the amount of the profits to be ploughed back into the firm depending on the amount of profits made (Westerfield 23-75). Dividend policy Modigliani y Miller (1961) another irrelevance proposition Another finance decision worth mentioning is the liquidity decision, whereby a firm looks at how to manage working capital and its components. 4. What is a hurdle rate? Why is it important? Also known as the cut off rate, the hurdle rate is the minimum expected return a firm will consider in accepting investment decisions. If a firms proposal own internal rate of return, r, is greater than the minimum rate of return, k, then it is acceptable. The r is internal to the project while the k (hurdle rate) is external to the project. The hurdle rate is used to make a decision based on the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method which takes into account the cash flows occurring at different times and adjusts them according to the time value of money. The hurdle rate is very important as it enhances the planning of the investment patterns and levels since the firm establishes investment patterns which would the highest possible minimum returns. Basically, hurdle rate determines on how to acquire investment capitals as those capital sources with very high interest rates would not be economical to choose. The hurdle rate represents the internal rate of return of any investment since the finance manager would be in a position to decide on various allocation within the firm, on the basis of the hurdle rate set in the firm. 5. What are the main components of a discount rate? The discount rate is the rate at which money values are discounted at various times, within an investment period. Discount rates are comprised of three main components which include the interest rate of money, level of inflation and risk premiums involved. More specifically, the interests rates at which money capital is allocated comprises of the discount rates in any projected investment project. Specifically, the interest rate of money is the return got from delaying consumption. More so, the level of inflation in the country determines the value of money. This is because the level of inflation determines the purchasing power of money, which represents the ultimate value of money. Lastly, risks involved in the investment venture are another important component of the discount rate. Generally, highly risky business ventures would always have high discount rates. In this respect therefore, it would be very important for the finance manager to determine the discount rates to be used i n the calculation of the cash-flows in the business venture (Westerfield 23-75). 6. Define the Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient market hypothesis is an investment assumption that postulates that, financial markets are efficient in providing information about the market returns from any form of investment. More specifically, in efficient market hypothesis, investors are controlled by the existing market conditions in terms of the financial stability or conditions of the money market. It is important to note that, inflation level and economic conditions of the country determines a lot on the efficiency of the financial information given by the market in terms of money interests and capital returns. In this regard, investors need to evaluate their investment ventures on the basis of the existing conditions or the information got from the financial markets which are considered to be the accurate in providing financial information (Higgins 12-43). 7. Describe the three forms of efficiency The 3 forms of efficiency are the strong-form efficiency, semi-strong efficiency and weak-form efficiency. In the form weak-form efficiency, all the information in the past stock-price fluctuations is totally shown in the present prices. This means that, the information provided is to compare the current price levels with the past prices. The semi-strong form involves the reflection of all publicly available data about the current prices in the market. In this form, there is some information that is withheld among the investors but most of the information is availed to the general public. On the other hand, the strong-form of efficiency in the market reflects all relevant information in the money market, whether withheld or publicly available. Here, the investors have the opportunity to explore in-depth all the trends of the money market in order to make reliable information about their investment (Westerfield 23-75). 8. What is the difference between Technical Analysis and Fundamental Analysis? Technical Analysis Fundamental Analysis Technical analysis is an appraisal strategy in the money market that looks at the price movements in the market in order to establish their security levels for investors to decide on how to choose their investment plans. Fundamental analysis on the other hand refers to the economic factors facing the money market in which each of the statement is presented in financial statements as opposed to technical analysis which uses using charts. Technical analysts usually use information found in charts and graphs to determine the financial worth of the company. Generally, fundamental analysis determines the ultimate value of the company by examining its financial statements like balance sheets and income statements among others. technical analysts use shorter periods of time in their determination of the worth of the company Fundamental analysis involves a log period of time in which the financial worth of the business ought to be devised using subsequent fiscal periods but not one period Information derived from (Higgins 12-43) 9. Do you believe markets are efficient? I believe that markets are not as efficient as economists reveal that they are. The major reason is because various market conditions are controlled by external factors which they have no control over them. In this respect, it would be difficult to determine the efficiency of the market or to predict the conditions of the market on considerations that, these external factors are also controlled by other forces. For instance, markets are often controlled by inflation rates and interest rates which are factors beyond the control of the market itself. On this consideration, it would be very important for any investor to note the unpredictability of the markets in order to make appropriate investments. There is no perfect information in the market. It is on this basis therefore that I believe that markets are not efficient at all (Westerfield 23-75). 10. Efficient Market Hypothesis Which of the following statements are true if the efficient market hypothesis holds? a. It implies that future events can be forecast with perfect accuracy. b. It implies that prices reflect all available information. c. It implies that security prices change for no discernible reason. d. It implies that prices do not fluctuate. If efficient market hypothesis holds, the future events can be forecasted with ease. This is because, all the information concerning stocks in the stock market would be well presented in a more accurate way, to reflect on the subsequent trends expected in the future in the market. In this respect therefore, if the efficient market hypothesis holds, it would enhance easiness in predicting any future trends of investment as the information in the market would be quite reliable. More so, if this hypothesis holds, the information provided would be reflecting all the prices that would be available in the market. This is because; every price presented in the market information would greatly imply a predictive nature of the prices in the future markets. Generally, if the efficient market hypothesis holds, then the above two statements would be true (Higgins 12-43).

Race and Political Power in the Pre-Civil War Period Essay -- Essays o

Race and Political Power in the Pre-Civil War Period How did race translate itself into political power during this period, and how did Blacks attempt to combat that power. Racism has been the most provocative topic in American history; it has seemed to transcend other struggles, and fester its way into almost every facet of American culture. It has grown like weeds in an unattended garden in to the ideology of America. Politicians use it as a tool for reelection, corporations use it as a way to exploit, and the media uses it as a way to control. But the underlying question is where did it come from, how did it translate itself into political power, and how and what did African Americans do to combat that power. Many of the answers to these questions lie in the pre civil war area also known as the antebellum period. During the early 17th century a powerful farmer by the name of Nathaniel Bacon tried to use African Americans to conquer surrounding tribes and take their lands for indentured servants who had served their time and wanted land. Bacon added blacks to his corps of whites only after he found out he had to fight William Berkley the colonial governor. Berkley thought that arming the Jamestown rubble was too dangerous to be allowed. After Bacons death the Virginia government reacted to the spectacle of interracial servant solidarity by slowly eliminating white servitude and expanding the then new institution of black chattel slavery. By doing this he could guarantee a permanent labor force and win the support of his constituents. Because of efforts like that of Governor Berkley, Virginia had become the primary site for the development of black slavery in the Americas. By the 1650s some of the indentured servants had earned their freedom. Because replacements, whether black or white, were in limited supply and more costly, the Virginia plantation owners considered the advantages of the perpetual servitude policy exercised by Caribbean landowners. Following the lead of Massachusetts and Connecticut, Virginia legalized slavery in 1661. In 1672 the king of England chartered the Royal African Company to bring the shiploads of slaves int o trading centers like Jamestown, Hampton, and Yorktown. Slavery spread quickly in the American colonies. At first the legal status of Africans in America was poorly defined, and some, like European indentured servants,... ...ed afterward may have reached 100. But the rebellion lasted less than two days and was easily suppressed by local residents. Like other slave uprisings in the United States, it caused enormous fear among the whites, but it did not seriously threaten the institution of slavery. Less organized resistance was both more widespread and more successful. This included silent sabotage, or foot-dragging, by slaves, who pretended to be sick, feigned difficulty understanding instructions, and "accidentally" misused tools and animals. It also included small-scale resistance by individuals who fought back physically, at times successfully, against what they regarded as unjust treatment. The most common form of resistance, however, was flight. About 1000 slaves per year escaped to the North during the pre-Civil War decades, most from the upper South. This represented only a small percentage of those who attempted to escape, however, since for every slave who made it to freedom, several more tried. Other fugitives remained within the South, heading for cities or swamps, or hiding out near their plantations for days or weeks before either returning voluntarily or being tracked down and captured.

Freedom Writers Essay

The ‘Freedom writers’ is a movie which embodies the story of an English class in an urban long beach high school. Directed by Richard LaGravenese and produced by, Danny DeVito , Michael Shamberg and Stacey Sher, the ‘Freedom writers’ is based on the struggle of a new teacher, Mrs. Gruwell, to maintain an ambitious environment in her class room. Her tolerance, trust and respect is not taken for granted as she climbs success alongside her students in the hopes of taking them out of their misery and showing them a life to live and look forward to. As part of Mrs. Gruwell’s struggle, she is faced with a group of students whose lives revolve around war, gangs, violence and protecting their own. Her racially opposing students most often choose to be a part of the epidemic which now governs the school. Yet, Mrs. Gruwell takes on the challange to defeat the odds. She realizes that these kids are looked down on because of their race and as a result they rebel and create borders among themselves. These ‘mini territories’ are created to bring a sense of equality among those of the same race. Overcoming adversity, family relationships, inequality in education, success and goal setting is what Mrs. Gruwell aims to have instilled in those around her. A theme which surfaces in the movie is that of Mrs. Gruwell’s courage. How would one react if they were placed in such a troubled school setting away from the safe environment that they are used to? Mrs. Gruwell had the courage to take on the task of helping those to pursue their goals. Her never ending attempts to teach the ‘unteachables’ and her desire to help her students succeed are inspiring. Her attempts to relate with so many of her different economic, cultural and racial students took a lot of courage. Another difficult challenge for Mrs. Gruwell was to teach students who were at war with each other.

Tim O’Brien “How to Tell a True War Story”

The words, which describe the character: Rat Kiley; sharp gray eyes; tight little strokes of the wrist; he wanted me to believe; big gentle killer eyes; little crazy; they were kids – they just didn’t know; Rat almost bawls writing it; they were like soul mates. The words, which do not describe the character: crazy in a good way; real daredevil; nineteen years old and it is too much for him. The guy’s real name was Bob Kiley, but everyone was calling him Rat (O’Brien 174).He had lost his friend Curt Lemon in Vietnam, but this loss happened beyond any military actions, when they were playing with grenades (they were real kids); Rat had actually lost his soul mate. Reading the story, Rat’s character created an impression of being flat. However, coming to the story’s end, it is evident that huge sufferings are hidden behind the childish behavior. This childish behavior has indirectly become the cause of tragedy, and suffering through this loss, Rat reveals his round dynamic character.He tries to forget his pain, but the fact that he feels it is the sign of his deep soul, which was changed in the cruelties of the Vietnam War. Curt Lemon is the character around which Rat’s actions and thoughts are concentrated. They spent most of their time together and what they felt towards each other was real kinship. The unexpected loss was so difficult for Rat that he didn’t hesitate to mail a letter to Lemon’s sister. This letter has become the expression of his feelings, his sorrow, and his best memories about that person. Re-writing the story from Rat’s perspectiveThe day didn’t predict anything tragic. We crossed the river – the mountains were in the west, and we had to direct our efforts there. We have already spent three days marching, and it already seemed monotonous†¦so well†¦we were trying to entertain ourselves, and in a second Curt Lemon was dead. He simply stepped on a boob y-trapped 105 round. One second – and the man was gone forever. We were playing, we were laughing, and then, out of sudden, he was dead. I didn’t notice that the whole hour had passed before we cut off the thick grass for the emergency helicopter to land.Surprisingly, the day didn’t change; the weather was the same, and we kept marching. The only thing was that Curt was not with us anymore. Higher in the mountains I’ve noticed a baby VC water buffalo. I had no idea how I could come across it so high in the mountains, and it was probably unexpected for me, that at that moment I could think of anything else besides Curt. I managed to get a rope around the baby buffalo and to lead it with us to the village, where we had to stay for the night. I stroked the baby buffalo’s nose, I tried to offer it come pork or beans, but it didn’t seem interested. I shrugged but I felt, how enraged I was.At that time I didn’t understand, what caused those feelings inside me, but now I know that Curt’s death had made me angry; angry for being incapable to change anything and to return him to life. I shot the buffalo through the front knee. I was shocked at the animal not showing any sign of stress; it didn’t cry. It was silent, though it fell hard onto the ground but then got up again, and at that moment I shot off its ear; I kept shooting and I could see it hurt, but for some reason I could not kill it. I would never make it suffer, but something inside me was preventing me from shooting right.I had no idea what others were thinking, but they were definitely watching each move and each shot I made. I was the only one to know, what it meant to me – Lemon was dead and he had been the best friend in the world. I am not sure whether it was a question of pain, and what pain one may mean here. I didn’t know whether physical pain could be measured or even compared to the moral pain I felt. I could not understand what I was doing, it was all smoke and I hardly remember whether I had shot the buffalo’s tail; it was as if I were dreaming. I shot it into the throat.I didn’t want it to experience those physical tortures anymore. I can still remember its eyes – enormous, shiny, and dumb. I can remember myself crying. I wanted to say how sorry I was for both the buffalo and for Lemon, but tears didn’t let any word come out. I understood I needed some freedom, some silence and some time to think, to try to recover and to ultimately feel better. I left the baby, may be it was still alive, but I didn’t know it. I just knew that it was fighting for its life, the chance which Lemon didn’t have. It will remain my sin forever, but my pain was enormous to hide it inside.I don’t still understand for whom I feel worse – for the baby buffalo I’ve killed or for Lemon who didn’t have a single chance to survive. What I know for sure is that Lemon didn’t go through the pain, which baby buffalo felt before it died. I also understand that this death could become neither physical, nor moral compensation for Lemon’s death. This is what I think now†¦ At that time I was not thinking anything. The baby buffalo’s death remains my biggest weakness – the inability to keep emotions inside. Later that week I wrote a letter to Lemon’s sister to tell her what a great guy her brother had been.I have written several funny stories from our life – I think that the letter turned to be very personal, even touching. I was almost bawling, because I could not accept the fact of his death. He had been the man able to turn the war into fun. He was right for war, and his attitudes towards war were also right. I clearly understood and I really felt that I would never receive any reply from that young girl, but I needed that writing to release my emotions and express what I was feeling about Lemon. Ev en when I pretended being angry at her, and called her â€Å"dumb cooze†, it was nothing but a mask – I didn’t want anyone know that I could feel†¦Justification I decided to focus on Rat Kiley’s character. The author emphasizes his negligent attitude towards life. â€Å"Listen to Rat: â€Å"Jesus Christ, man, I write this beautiful fucking letter, I slave over it, and what happens? The dumb cooze never writes back† (O’Brien 175). What I think is that Rat didn’t even expect to receive any reply from Lemon’s sister; he needed this letter to express what he had inside, and simultaneously he had to support his image of a guy â€Å"nineteenth years old – and it’s too much for him† (O’Brien 175).I was interested in viewing the story through his perspective, because I initially felt Rat could have been depicted differently, less crazy and more humane. As a result, the events in the narrative would loo k different through Rat’s perspective. After Lemon was dead, Rat could not find himself. He did not know how he could neutralize the moral pain he had inside. Again, the author could lead the narration in a different direction. Rat was shooting the baby buffalo – â€Å"it wasn’t to kill; it was just to hurt† (O’Brien 179).Has anyone thought that Rat might have not clearly understood what he was doing? The fact that he was crying was the best proof that his actions had been absolutely uncontrolled. Moreover, his negligence has proved to be only surface – he was deeply suffering through the loss of his friend; at his nineteen years he could consider himself happy for having experienced the kinship he felt towards Lemon. My goal was to portray Rat through different features, not the features which the author used in the narration. I suppose that the author has not looked too deep into Rat’s soul.O’Brien has created an image of Rat ’s cruelty towards the animal, and the readers perceive him as â€Å"a little crazy†. Simultaneously, he has not emphasized many features which make Rat a real human. Even the scene of animal killing could have been depicted differently, through the prism of Rat’s moral sufferings. â€Å"Rat Kiley was crying† (O’Brien 180), and that cry was the difficult acknowledgement of the fact that Lemon would never come back. Works cited O’Brien, Tim. â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story†. Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology. P. Geyh ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992, 174-183.

Education in Barbados Essay

Barbados had one of the oldest and most advanced education systems in the Eastern Caribbean in the late 1980s. Education dated back to 1686, when private funds were used to build the first school. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, education was controlled by the Anglicans, who were later joined by other religious groups. By 1962 education was free for all nationals and administered primarily by the state. This trend continued, so that by 1984 only 4 percent of the primary and secondary schools were managed by churches. Barbados’ longstanding emphasis on education was evident in the values and goals of contemporary society. Education has traditionally been associated with success and upward mobility. In 1970 Barbados officially claimed to have achieved a 99-percent literacy rate, a figure that was questioned by some observers. Despite these doubts, observers generally agreed that in the 1980s literacy in Barbados exceeded the rates of other Caribbean societies. In 1984 Barbados had 126 primary schools, 110 of which were administered by the state. Approximately 1,350 teachers were available to instruct the 35,000 students. There were sixty-four secondary schools, five of which prepared students for technical careers. A total of 6,000 students attended secondary-school programs. Postsecondary education consisted of seven institutions that awarded degrees or certificates. Four schools offered specific vocational training: the Barbados Institute of Management and Productivity, the Erdiston Teacher’s Training College, the Tercentenary School of Nursing, and the Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytecnic. Academic programs at the university level were conducted at the Cave Hill Campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI) and the Barbados Community College, which offered vocational and technical classes as well. The UWI also included Codrington College, a local theological seminary. In 1979 the government created the Skills Training Programme to augment existing education programs. It was designed to fulfill the need for short but intensive training in vocational subjects and to prepare students for careers in mechanics, electronics, horticulture, masonry, plumbing, and other technical and vocational occupations. Although the educational infrastructure was designed to meet both the nation’s academic and vocational needs, observers seriously questioned Barbados’ ability to provide quality instruction in fields related to tourism,  agriculture, and manufacturing, the major economic undertakings in the 1980s. Few courses were actually offered in agricultural science and commerce; as a result, an inadequate number of Barbadians were being prepared to take on the responsibilities inherent in a growing economy. The education system was also criticized for being stratified along socioeconomic lines. In general, upper-class Barbadians prepared for university studies at the best primary and secondary schools, received a disproportionate number of scholarships, and had the best records for entering the professional disciplines. On balance, however, most Barbadians felt that the education system still afforded opportunities to achieve at least limited upward mobility. The government appeared to be attempting to address specific criticisms of its educational policy; its goals for Barbadian education in the 1980s included the promotion of equal educational opportunity and enhanced technical and vocational programs in all schools. In spite of its shortcomings, the Barbadian education system remained the best in the Eastern Caribbean in the 1980s.

MS Flight Simulator Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MS Flight Simulator - Research Paper Example Bruce Artwick started its development in 1977 and put it on the market for a range of computers with his company subLOGIC. Artwicks company certified Microsoft  a version of Flight Simulator known as  Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00 in 1982 (Grupping, 2007). The Microsoft Flight Simulator gives its users the realistic experience of flying a plane. The aviation industry is making great use of the system for design and development and by training pilots and other flight deck crews in both military and civil aircraft (Anonymous, 2005). The newest versions, Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004  and  Microsoft Flight Simulator X, gratify pilots, would-be pilots and individuals who had dreamt of being pilots in similar fashion. While playing these, the new users can be frustrated due to its reality-based complex and difficult nature. But it can be rewarding for those who are skilled flight simmer. The latest versions also include enhanced weather simulation, alongside the ability to download real-world weather data and diverse air traffic environment with interactive  Air Traffic Control, player-flyable aircraft, interactive lessons and challenges, and finally aircraft checklists. Furthermore, there is availability of, both free and commercial upgrades and add-ons for flexibility and scope (Lackey,

The descriptions still do not have enough information about the Essay

The descriptions still do not have enough information about the pictures. Please describe the pictures by starting at the left side of the picutre an - Essay Example The color used on the walls of the room is dull; this illustrates the unhappy environment inside the room. The woman is starring down outside the window; this illustrates that the room is upstairs, and the woman is observing an event or person(s). The event may be a sad one, according to facial expression. The person being observed may be a loved one who has just left the house (Friel 34). The second image shows a joyful and exciting event. It can be safely assumed that the picture represents a nuclear family on holiday. The family has a father, mother and three children. The children comprise one boy and two girls; this illustrated by their mode of dressing. The holiday destination is a beach because of blue waves illustrating the sea, the brown color showing the sand, and the background showing a mountain or hill range. The destination seems secure and private. This is because other people are not indicated in the picture. Luxurious hotels usually offer private beach tourism package. The nuclear family illustrated in the picture is not dressed for the holiday occasion. The man is in formal clothing, and the woman and daughters in dresses. Beach events require beachwear and swimming costumes. The image also illustrates love in the family. The man and the woman are looking and smiling at each other; likewise the son and the daughter are also looking at each other. The looks and the smiles illustrate love between family members (Friel

European Union Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union - Term Paper Example This paper will also outline various aspects that shape business among EU member states such as the law as well as other constraints that may exist. Having realised the destructive effects and killings caused by WW2, Europe is split into East and West. â€Å"West European nations create the Council of Europe in 1949. It is a first step towards cooperation between them, but six countries want to go further† European Union, 2013). Essentially, the main reason of cooperation among the European countries was to promote peace and economic activity among member states. The member states agreed that they will run their heavy industries involving coal and iron under common management and that the member states of the organization would not turn against each other. Initially, the Council of Europe was comprised of six founding countries namely: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. After realising the success of the Coal Treaty, the member states expanded coo peration to include other sectors of the economy. Ideally, the aim was to create a situation where people, goods as well as services could freely move across borders. As time moved, more countries joined the EU and more laws and policies were formulated to strengthen the ties among the member states. The single market was established in the early 2000s and it sought to establish four freedoms: the free movement of goods, services, people and money (EU, 2013). In 2004 the 25 EU countries sign a Treaty establishing a European Constitution. According to the EU website, this decision was meant to democratise the decision-making and management in an EU. A single currency, the Euro is then introduced and meant for commercial and financial transactions only among the member states. This liberalised trade among all member states such that they no longer face any trade barriers when they want to engage in trade with other member states. The main advantaged of free trade is that the member st ates can immensely benefit since they would not be subject to harsh operational conditions such as high tariffs when trade is taking place between non-member states. The EU has also been designed in such a way that it attracts investment in different member countries. There are high chances of economic growth and development when investment tales place in different countries. Jobs are created and more revenue will be generated from such programs. The EU also plays a pivotal role in assisting developing countries so that they can also develop their economies. This bloc also promotes trade with the developing countries where it also benefits from the raw materials that are not found in this area. The EU has created equality among all member states where it can be observed that they can engage in fair trade. Fair trade practices among the member states are intended to stimulate economic growth as well as to improve the welfare of the citizens in the member states. In as far as the rule s that guide the operations of the EU are concerned, it can be seen that an agreement is reached before they are adopted as laws. The EU also set trade practices and standards among all members and these ought to be followed by all nations involved. 2. The EU